苹果蠹蛾生物学特性及综合防治

苹果蠹蛾Laspeyresia pomonella(Linne)在甘肃省酒泉地区1年发生1－2代，初孵幼虫开始从果产胴部蛀入，在果皮下为害，再为果心蛀食果肉及种子，经3次脱皮后开始转果为害，造成大量果实被害脱落，根据其生活习性提出了综合防治措施，蛀果率由21．5％下降到1％以下，防治效果达95％。     

性信息素诱捕器对槐小卷蛾雄蛾诱捕效果的影响

研究了性信息素诱捕器的颜色、形状、粘胶面积以及在树冠内放置的位置对槐小卷蛾Cydia trasias (Mayrick)雄蛾诱捕效果的影响。结果表明，白、绿和黄3种颜色的诱捕器的诱捕效果明显优于蓝颜色的诱捕效果；三角形诱捕器诱捕雄蛾的效果明显优于双层圆盘形和双层船形的诱捕效果；粘胶面积为500．0cm^2的三角形诱捕器的诱捕效果明显优于250．0cm^2和166．7cm^2的诱捕效果；悬挂于树冠中上部的诱捕器的诱捕效果明显优于悬挂于树冠中部及中下部的诱捕效果。在槐小卷蛾性信息素监测与防治系统中，悬挂在树冠中上部、粘胶面积为500.0^2的白颜色的三角形诱捕器的诱蛾效果最佳。     

甘肃张掖地区苹果蠹蛾发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

为了明确温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育的影响,在室内15、20、25、28、31、34 ℃条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾各发育阶段的历期,利用Marquardt法拟合推导出苹果蠹蛾的发育起点温度与有效积温。结果表明,在15~31 ℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,但是当温度达34 ℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育速率变慢,各阶段发育历期出现较为明显的延长现象,各虫态死亡率大幅增加,已接近苹果蠹蛾存活的上限;苹果蠹蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和整个未成熟期的发育起点温度分别为10.64、10.68、9.33、10.41 ℃,有效积温分别为75.46、293.57、147.63、508.86日•度。说明温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育有显著的影响,高温对苹果蠹蛾的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用。     

石河子垦区果树食心虫迷向技术

【目的】研究迷向丝对果园食心虫的迷向效果。【方法】2018年在石河子垦区以桃单植园和苹果单植园为研究对象,利用梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾的混合迷向丝进行防治,并使用3种食心虫的性诱剂,诱捕调查石河子垦区果树食心虫的发生种类及其种群消长动态。【结果】桃园中果树食心虫的优势种群为梨小食心虫;苹果园优势种群为梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾,石河子垦区桃园和苹果园未悬挂迷向丝的对照区域虫口诱集数量均高于悬挂迷向丝的试验区域。【结论】石河子垦区桃园和苹果园利用悬挂迷向丝作为防治手段效果显著。     

Toxicity of azinphos-methyl to various development stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The response to azinphos-methyl of different life-stages of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) was studied. A similarity in response to azinphos-methyl (LC(50), LC(90)) was observed in neonate larvae obtained from the first and second generations of field populations. Mortality rates for neonate larvae of a field population cross-bred with a laboratory colony were lower (by a factor of 1.2-2.2) in comparison with field neonate larvae. The mortality rate of larvae from a laboratory colony exposed to artificial diet containing azinphos-methyl gradually decreased at older instars. The mortality rates of fifth-instar larvae were remarkably low when exposed to artificial diet mixed with azinphos-methyl or when topically treated with the insecticide. One- to three-day-old females were more sensitive than males of the same age, whereas the opposite was observed in 14-to 17-day-old adults. Mortality rates of 14- to 17-day-old adults were higher than those under 10 days old. No significant difference in sensitivity to the organophosphorus compound was noticed between the sexes of 7- to 10-day-old adults. Neonate larvae of the codling moth can serve as a target life-stage for various groups of pesticides, and the importance of using such a stage as a standardized methodology for monitoring resistance in the codling moth is discussed.     

Diversity of insecticide resistance mechanisms and spectrum in European populations of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella

Only a few of the registered insecticides against Cydia pomonella L. are still effective in areas where insecticide resistance has emerged in this pest. Resistance mechanisms are multiple, and their lone or cumulative effects in a single population are not completely understood. A detailed estimation of resistance spectrum is still required to define the suitable insecticides to use against a given population. The efficacy of ten insecticides was therefore investigated together with the resistance mechanisms expressed in four laboratory strains and 47 field populations of C. pomonella from five countries. Bioassays were performed using topical applications of diagnostic concentrations on diapausing larvae, and resistance mechanisms were analysed on adults emerging from control insects. All populations exhibited a reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide when compared with the susceptible laboratory strain. Cross-resistances were observed between azinphos-methyl or phosalone and more recent compounds such as spinosad and thiacloprid. Resistances to azinphos-methyl, diflubenzuron, spinosad, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were significantly correlated with mixed-function oxidase activity, while increased glutathione-S-transferase and reduced non-specific esterase activities were correlated with resistance to azinphos-methyl and emamectin, respectively. Conversely, resistances to azinphos-methyl, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were negatively correlated with increased esterase activity. None of the observed mechanisms explained the loss of susceptibility of populations to chlorpyrifos-ethyl, and no significant correlation was detected between resistance to deltamethrin and the presence of the kdr mutation. The suitability of such non-target instars to monitor insecticide resistance in field populations is discussed.     

Diurnal variation of walnut tree volatiles and electrophysiological responses in Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

BACKGROUND: In recent years, many studies have been carried out on the behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Cydia pomonella (L.) to host volatile emissions, to find alternative attractants to the sex pheromone for pest monitoring. These studies have focused on apple and pear, and very little has been done on walnut. In the present work, the diurnal and seasonal variation in walnut volatile emissions and the electrophysiological response of C. pomonella have been studied. RESULTS: Ninety compounds were detected in walnut emissions, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most abundant compound was β‐pinene, which, together with (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, (E)‐β‐ocimene, limonene, germacrene D, 1,8‐cineole, sabinene, (E)‐β‐farnesene, (E)‐β‐caryophyllene, β‐myrcene and β‐phellandrene, constituted between 81.9 and 90.5% of the total chromatographic area. Differences between seasonal periods were significant for 39 compounds, and between daytimes for 14 compounds. Discernible and consistent EAD responses were detected to 11 walnut‐origin compounds, and confirmed with synthetics to seven of them. Except for alloocimene, pinocarvone and caryophyllene oxide, all these compounds are also emitted by apple. CONCLUSION: Walnut volatile emissions differ widely from apple ones, but both share many compounds that are EAD‐active in C. pomonella. However, among EAD‐active compounds there are three walnut‐specific ones, which should be further tested in behavioural assays. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Resistance monitoring in codling moth: a need for standardization

BACKGROUND: A wide range of methods has been used for monitoring resistance in Cydia pomonella L. However, the results from specific tests are not always concordant and they generate doubts over the extent to which the data represent the field situation. Therefore, the variability in the expression of resistance mechanisms and in resistance ratios between developmental stages and their reliability in a field situation were studied. RESULTS: Neonate larvae showed the highest insecticide resistance, except to spinosad. Resistance ratios were from 2 to 9.5, depending on the insecticide and the strain tested, when compared with the susceptible strain. Spinosad exhibited the highest resistance ratio for diapausing larvae (4.4, 12.2 and 4.4 for Raz, Rdfb and RΔ strains, respectively). Enzymatic ratios were higher in adults than in neonates or diapausing larvae, and the highest enzymatic ratios were observed for mixed‐function oxidases (7.3–36.7 for adults of resistant strains). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of different instars depends on the insecticides used, and there is a differential expression of resistance mechanisms between stages. For the population considered in this study, tests on neonates provided the most consistent results to the field situation, but adult response to chlorpyrifos‐ethyl and azinphos‐methyl in the laboratory was also consistent with the field results. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry